Che guevara by andy warhol descriptive essay, Che guevara by andy warhol descriptive essay

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Andy Warhol’s Che, based on the Jim Fitzpatrick poster. Che guevara by andy warhol descriptive essay

che guevara von Andy Warhol (1928-1987, United States) | Gemälde Reproduktionen Andy Warhol | WahooArt.com

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Che guevara by andy warhol descriptive essay

David Bourdon:

"While in Rome, Malanga, running short on money, forged a series of 'Warhols' - silk screened images based on a news photograph of the dead Cuban leader Che Guevara. He made two phony paintings, gave one to a girlfriend and offered the other for sale - priced at $3,000 - through a Rome gallery; in a February 1968 exhibition at that gallery, he also showed signed and numbered silkscreen prints from an edition of fifty, priced at fifty dollars. When the dealer sought to verify the provenance of the 'Warhol' Guevaras, Malanga wrote to Warhol, explaining that if the works were not authenticated, the poet would be 'denounced - Italian style' and thrown into jail. Malanga enclosed a newspaper review of the show, commenting, 'Andy, this is the first time that your art work has been praised by the Communist press.' 'What nerve!' Warhol remarked. Not one to be outwitted, he wired back, authenticating the paintings but stipulating that all monies were to be sent directly to him as 'Mr. Malanga was not authorized to sell the artwork.'" (DB291)

Although Bourdon mentions fake Che Guevera portraits in the above quote, Warhol thought Malanga was also responsible for fake Electric Chairs and Flowers, as shown in the following entries from The Andy Warhol Diaries, even though Gerard denied that the fakes were his:

Andy Warhol (Wednesday December 1, 1976):

"Left to go down to the Ileana Sonnabend Gallery to the David Hockney opening. Ran into Gerard Malanga. Gerard wrote to Fred [Hughes] asking why he wouldn't let him do photography for Interview, I guess he just wants a press pass. Fred won't have anything to do with Gerard because we're still getting repercussions from all the fake Electric Chairs we think he did, they're being resold and resold and each time the money involved gets bigger, so Fred isn't about to give Gerard anything. " (AWD4)

Andy Warhol (Saturday, May 6, 1978):

"Then Arman called and said he'd sold eight Flower fakes of mine, because, he said, he didn't know they were fakes. But I said, 'You must have known or you wouldn't have hid them away for all these years, and you must have bought them cheap off somebody like Terry Ork or Soren Agenoux.' So those fakes really did damage and Gerard is still swearing up and down he didn't do them. They made my prices go down because people are now afraid to buy paintings because they feel they could be buying fakes. (AWD132)

Andy Warhol (Sunday, June 11, 1978):

Went to church, got magazines. and went to the office. because Rupert was bringing by the Flower things. I decided I won't sign the fake ones that're turning up all over Europe - the ones the people told us they bought from Gerard. Maybe I should do new ones and make good on the fakes in Europe. I don't know, I'll see." (AWD142)

Andy Warhol (Saturday, January 28, 1984):

"Wandered to the East village. Took a couple of rolls of film. Ran into Rene Ricard who's the George Sanders of the Lower East side, the Rex Reed of the art world - he was with some Puerto Rican boyfriend with a name like a cigarette. And then we went to Mary Garage. What's the name of that gallery? Gracie Mansion. On Avenue A. And there were five fakes of mine there. Electric Chairs. And some Jackson Pollock fakes. I didn't say anything." (AWD551)

Andy Warhol (Tuesday, March 12, 1985):

Went up to Sotheby's to look at the art and the lady there stopped me and asked if I had a few minutes to look at a few paintings of mine for authenticity, so I did, and one of them was on of those fake Electric Chairs, the one Gerard denies doing. A blue one. It wasn't stretched right. The people get greedy and they want a bigger picture, so it's got a border on it. They'd buy it rolled and then stretch it that way." (AWD631)

Even the New York artist Julian Schnabel had bought an Andy Warhol fake:

Andy Warhol: (Friday November 14, 1986): "Julian Schnabel came by with his little girl. We're talking about me maybe doing some different image on top of a fake of mine that he bought - one of those paintings I think Gerard Malanga did. Julian didn't know it was a fake when he bought it." (AWD774)

In his defence, Gerard Malanga gave this explanation for his Andy Warhol fakes:

Gerard Malanga:

"I left Andy in August of 1967. I got fed up with the scene. I said, 'Fuck this, buying an essay online I'm going to Italy.'

I bought a one-way ticket. A week before I was leaving, Andy tried to bribe me to stay: 'Oh, you can come to the premiere of The Chelsea Girls in San Francisco.' I said, 'Gee, I'm sorry, but I'm showing a film at the Bergamo Film Festival.' Andy said he knew I had a one-way ticket, if I needed money to get back to call him, he'd send it to me. He lied through his teeth. I was stranded in Europe for six months.

While I was in Rome, I was going out with a Princess, Patrizia Rippoli, who wanted me to decorate her wall with a portrait of Che Guevera. I did something Andy would've done, silkscreen a painting. The technology was unknown in Rome, so I thought I'd make one for her and me. Since we were doing a silkscreen process, I wrote him to ask if it was okay, sent some samples, said here's a way for me to make money for both us us, by you authorizing this painting, that'll pay for my plane fare, if I don't hear from you, I'll presume it's okay. I never heard from him. And I went full steam ahead, made these two paintings, and thought, Let's do paintings from A to Z, each in a different color. Patrizia introduced me to an Italian gallery dealer who arranged to have a show in Rome. Everything sold out even before the show opened, and he bragged about giving Andy his first show in Italy, and called Leo Castelli, who said, How come I don't know about this show.

By the day of the show, the gallery dealer knew something was amiss. Andy was manoeuvring behind my back to get all the proceeds, but wouldn't authorize the paintings, so they couldn't be sold. The gallery guy was breathing down my neck, because he'd advance me about $1,000, which I spent on film. So I went into hiding until I got another check cleared. I went back to NY and walked to the new Factory. Andy had moved from 47th Street to Union Square during the time I was in Rome. Everybody was shocked to see me. I sat down, hung out. Then Andy walked in. He did a double take as he passed me: 'Oh, hi. What are you doing here? I thought you were in jail.' Kind of kidding. I followed him into his back room. I explained to him - You promised the plane ticket, you never wrote, I sent you samples, asked if you don't want me to do this. But he's going through his mail as I talk. When I got to the point about my waiting for his certification, he kind of nonchalantly looked up and in a mean-spirited way said, 'You should have known better.' And then proceeded to got back to the mail. I saw the curtain come down, and said, 'I'll see you,' and left.

Two months later I was going to have my first film retrospective at the Cinematheque, through Jonas Mekas. I got Andy to put up the money for my postcard announcement - $40. I went to the Factory to pick it up. And that was the day, three minutes before I arrived, literally, that Andy got shot. When I went to visit Andy at the hospital - I was working as an extra for Midnight Cowboy, as were a number of Factory people - I went with Viva, and Andy was very grateful. But this was the weird thing. At the hospital he handed me the check for the money he was supposed to give me. For the postcard. Here was Andy recovering from being shot practically to death, and he is handing me a check for $40." (VY47)

Introduction

(Full name Ernesto Guevara de la Serna) Argentine-Cuban nonfiction writer, essayist, diarist, and political theorist.

The following entry provides an overview of Guevara's career.

The Marxist revolutionary who was chief military and ideological adviser to Fidel Castro during the Cuban Revolution of 1956–1959, Guevara is still recognized by leftists all over the world as a martyr to the cause of third-world revolution. Guevara's near-mythic reputation rests largely on his military exploits and his personal example of courage, self-sacrifice, and idealism, rather than any major original contributions to Marxist theory or revolutionary practice. As a writer of nonfiction, Guevara is best known for the training manual entitled La guerra de guerrillas (1960; Guerrilla Warfare) and his posthumously published El diario de Che en Bolivia (1968; The Diary of Che Guevara). He is also the author of numerous collections of speeches and articles on such wide-ranging topics as socialist morality and economic planning.

Biographical Information

Guevara was born in Argentina into an upper middle-class family with leftist sympathies. As a boy, he developed a severe asthma condition that would plague him throughout his life and contributed to his decision to pursue a career as a doctor. Guevara received his medical degree from the University of Buenos Aires in 1953 and then traveled around South and Central America, eventually settling in Guatemala, where he worked as an inspector for the agrarian land redistribution program launched by reformist President Jacobo Arbenz Guzman. Soon thereafter, a military coup organized and financed by the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency overthrew the Arbenz government. After fruitless attempts to organize local popular resistance to the military takeover, Guevara took asylum in the Argentine embassy, where he remained for two months before fleeing to Mexico. Guevara's first-hand experience of the coup deepened his anti-American sentiments and helped convince him that armed revolution was necessary for social reforms to occur in Latin America. In Mexico Guevara met the exiled Cuban brothers Fidel and Paul Castro, who were organizing a revolutionary movement against Cuban dictator Fulgencio Batista. Guevara agreed to join the Castros' "26 of July Movement" as their physician and thereby became the sole non-Cuban among eighty-three guerrilla fighters who landed in Cuba in December of 1956. The Cuban army crushed the force immediately, but Guevara and the Castros were among the twelve survivors who managed to reach the rugged Sierra Maestra mountain range, where they began organizing the infrastructure for a prolonged guerilla insurgency. Guevara, nicknamed "Che" by his Cuban comrades, took up arms with the rest of the insurgents and displayed such leadership ability that he was named commander of a second guerrilla column composed of local peasant recruits. He also served as a trusted political advisor to commander-in-chief Fidel Castro, headed the insurgent medical corps, and organized military training camps, a radio station, a weapons plant, and a network of schools in the guerrilla zone of control. In late 1958 Guevara's soldiers routed a much larger and better equipped Cuban army contingent at the decisive battle of Santa Clara, which convinced Batista to resign from office and flee the country. Not long afterward, Guevara led the first rebel force into Havana and sealed the revolutionary victory. Guevara held a series of important positions in the early years of the new Cuban government, serving first as military commander of Havana's La Cabaña fortress and successively as a top official of the National Institute of Agrarian Reform, president of the National Bank of Cuba, and Minister of Industries. In the last two posts, Guevara (who was awarded full citizenship rights by the Castro government) was largely involved in the immensely complex and difficult task of converting a sugar-based, capitalist economy heavily dependent on the United States into a state-run system with a more diversified production and trading base. In 1960 Guevara helped negotiate an historic trading pact with the Soviet Union, exchanging sugar for capital goods; after the United States imposed an economic boycott of the island later in the year, he traveled to other Eastern bloc countries to develop new commercial relations. Better versed in Marxist economic theory than Castro, Guevara envisioned a socialist outcome for the Cuban Revolution and encouraged the Cuban leader to take the definitive step toward a state-run system by nationalizing virtually all of the country's industry in late 1960. Determined to break Cuba from its over-reliance on sugar exports, Guevara sought to industrialize the island with support from the Eastern Bloc, which provided generous aid and advantageous sugar prices. He believed, however, that the emergence of a new "socialist morality" among the Cuban people was the most expedient means of developing the island's economy. Consequently, he favored moral rather than material incentives to raise production and advocated voluntary work programs to strengthen revolutionary consciousness and solidarity. In early 1965 Guevara mysteriously disappeared from public view, with many speculating that he had disagreed with Castro over economic policy and had subsequently been "removed." Castro's official explanation that Guevara had freely departed Cuba to advance the cause of socialist revolution abroad was substantiated when Guevara later appeared in Africa with two hundred Cuban troops to assist Congolese rebels. In 1966 he returned to Havana, where he made plans to apply his military theories on guerrilla insurgency in South America. Guevara's ultimate goal was to create "two, three, many Vietnams" to challenge the hegemony of the United States—his greatest "imperialist" enemy. With Castro's support, he assembled a force of Cuban and Peruvian revolutionaries who secretly entered Bolivia in late 1966. Joined by Bolivian rebels, the group began its guerrilla campaign in southeastern Bolivia in March 1967 after its presence was revealed to local peasants. Guevara's far-reaching plans, however, proceeded disastrously since neither the local peasantry nor the Bolivian Communist Party provided the expected support. The Bolivian army, actively assisted by the C.I.A., finally annihilated the guerrillas. Guevara was captured on 8 October 1967 and, after being identified by Cuban agents of the C.I.A., was executed.

Major Works

Guevara's major political works reflect his attempt to adapt established Marxist revolutionary principles to Latin America's unique historical and social conditions. He drew on his combat experience in Cuba to write Guerrilla Warfare, a manual of guerrilla strategy, tactics, and logistics that was published in Cuba in 1960. In this work the author openly stated his hope that the Cuban example would trigger similar revolutions elsewhere in Latin America and argued that a dedicated guerrilla force of only a few dozen combatants could successfully initiate an insurgency virtually anywhere in the continent. Guevara's guerrilla manual found a readership not only among revolutionaries but within the ranks of the U.S. Army, where strategists were actively seeking solutions to the growing counter-insurgency war in South Vietnam. Guevara later wrote a series of articles describing his personal experiences in the Cuban insurgency that were published in book form as Pasajes de la guerra revolucionaria (1963; Reminiscences of the Cuban Revolutionary War). The Nation reviewer Jose Yglesias found this collection "simple, beautiful, and politically prophetic." Guevara's Diary, however, is considered by many critics his most significant work. Seized by the Bolivian army after the destruction of Guevara's guerrilla force, the manuscript created a media sensation, and publishers in Europe and the United States offered over one hundred thousand dollars in a bidding war for publishing rights. The matter was settled, however, when Fidel Castro acquired the manuscripts and international publishing rights from Bolivia's Minister of the Interior. Written in a German calendar notebook in a direct, unadorned style, The Diary is an intensely personal document recording Guevara's successes, failures, and frustrations as he attempted to establish the Bolivian guerrilla movement. Guevara summarized the group's activities at the end of each month, analyzing what had gone right as well as what had gone wrong. Scholars agree that the work provides invaluable insights into Marxist revolutionary theory in the field of guerrilla warfare. Guevara also addressed his conception of the socialist "new man" and other political and social issues confronting postcapitalist society in numerous speeches and articles published in Cuban journals. In these pieces, he wrote on such important international economic issues as the problem of third-world foreign debt, trade relations between industrialized and less-developed countries, and the controversy over "market socialism" versus centralized planning in the noncapitalist world. Frequently used in studying the philosophical and economic policies of China and the former Soviet Union, many of these articles and speeches have been translated into English and appear in the collections Che Guevara Speaks (1967) and Venceremos! (1968).

Critical Reception

Critical reaction to Guevara's works generally focuses on his ideas and not on his literary style and expertise. For example, while commentators point out that Guevara's Diary presents a uniquely personal picture of his life and political idealism during his days as a Bolivian rebel leader, it is his speeches and writings that continue to attract a wide popular and critical readership. Guevara's works are additionally considered key elements in any analysis of the growth and popularity of Marxist-Socialist ideology in Hispanic-American countries.

Che guevara by andy warhol descriptive essay, Che guevara by andy warhol descriptive essay